简介
不论是做科学计算还是编写应用程序,都须要应用到一些根本的数据结构,比方列表,元组,字典等。
本文将会具体解说Python中的这些根底数据结构。
列表
列表也就是list,能够用方括号来示意:
In [40]: ages = [ 10, 14, 18, 20 ,25] In [41]: ages Out[41]: [10, 14, 18, 20, 25]
list有一些十分有用的办法,比方append,extend,insert,remove,pop,index,count,sort,reverse,copy等。
举个例子:
>>> fruits = ['orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'banana', 'kiwi', 'apple', 'banana'] >>> fruits.count('apple') 2 >>> fruits.count('tangerine') 0 >>> fruits.index('banana') 3 >>> fruits.index('banana', 4) # Find next banana starting a position 4 6 >>> fruits.reverse() >>> fruits ['banana', 'apple', 'kiwi', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple', 'orange'] >>> fruits.append('grape') >>> fruits ['banana', 'apple', 'kiwi', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple', 'orange', 'grape'] >>> fruits.sort() >>> fruits ['apple', 'apple', 'banana', 'banana', 'grape', 'kiwi', 'orange', 'pear'] >>> fruits.pop() 'pear'
列表作为栈应用
栈的特点是后进先出,而列表为咱们提供了append和pop办法,所以应用列表来实现栈是非常简单的:
>>> stack = [3, 4, 5] >>> stack.append(6) >>> stack.append(7) >>> stack [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] >>> stack.pop() 7 >>> stack [3, 4, 5, 6] >>> stack.pop() 6 >>> stack.pop() 5 >>> stack [3, 4]
列表作为队列应用
队列的特点是先进先出,然而应用列表在队列头部插入元素是很慢的,因为须要挪动所有的元素。
咱们能够应用 collections.deque
来疾速的从两端操作:
>>> from collections import deque >>> queue = deque(["Eric", "John", "Michael"]) >>> queue.append("Terry") # Terry arrives >>> queue.append("Graham") # Graham arrives >>> queue.popleft() # The first to arrive now leaves 'Eric' >>> queue.popleft() # The second to arrive now leaves 'John' >>> queue # Remaining queue in order of arrival deque(['Michael', 'Terry', 'Graham'])
列表推导式
要创立列表,通常的做法是应用for循环,来遍历列表,并为其设置值:
>>> squares = [] >>> for x in range(10): ... squares.append(x**2) ... >>> squares [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
或者咱们能够应用列表推导式来更加简洁的生成列表:
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
列表推导式的构造是由一对方括号所蕴含的以下内容:一个表达式,前面跟一个 for
子句,而后是零个或多个 for
或 if
子句。
列表推导式将会遍历for字句中的元素,并且应用表达式来求值,将生成的元素作为新的列表元素返回。
看一个简单点的:
>>> [(x, y) for x in [1,2,3] for y in [3,1,4] if x != y] [(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)]
下面的表达式等价于:
>>> combs = [] >>> for x in [1,2,3]: ... for y in [3,1,4]: ... if x != y: ... combs.append((x, y)) ... >>> combs [(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)]
列表推导式还能够嵌套,如果咱们有一个矩阵:
>>> matrix = [ ... [1, 2, 3, 4], ... [5, 6, 7, 8], ... [9, 10, 11, 12], ... ]
能够应用上面的表达式将矩阵进行行列替换:
>>> [[row[i] for row in matrix] for i in range(4)] [[1, 5, 9], [2, 6, 10], [3, 7, 11], [4, 8, 12]]
或者应用更加简略的zip函数:
>>> list(zip(*matrix)) [(1, 5, 9), (2, 6, 10), (3, 7, 11), (4, 8, 12)]
del
删除列表中的某个元素能够应用del。del能够删除列表中的某个特定的值,也能够删除切片,甚至删除整个列表:
>>> a = [-1, 1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5] >>> del a[0] >>> a [1, 66.25, 333, 333, 1234.5] >>> del a[2:4] >>> a [1, 66.25, 1234.5] >>> del a[:] >>> a [] >>> del a
元组
元组跟列表很相似,不同的是元组是不可变的。
元组是以小括号来示意的,或者能够不应用括号。
>>> t = 12345, 54321, 'hello!' >>> t[0] 12345 >>> t (12345, 54321, 'hello!') >>> # Tuples may be nested: ... u = t, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) >>> u ((12345, 54321, 'hello!'), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
元组和List的操作很相似,都有切片和索引操作。
元组能够不便的进行解包:
>>> x, y, z = t
汇合
汇合应用set函数或者花括号来示意的。
汇合中的元素是不反复的,这个一点和java中的set很相似。
因为字典的示意也是花括号,所以如果你须要创立一个空集合的话,须要应用set,因为空的 {} 示意的是字典。
看一些汇合的简略例子:
>>> basket = {'apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana'} >>> print(basket) # show that duplicates have been removed {'orange', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple'} >>> 'orange' in basket # fast membership testing True >>> 'crabgrass' in basket False >>> # Demonstrate set operations on unique letters from two words ... >>> a = set('abracadabra') >>> b = set('alacazam') >>> a # unique letters in a {'a', 'r', 'b', 'c', 'd'} >>> a - b # letters in a but not in b {'r', 'd', 'b'} >>> a | b # letters in a or b or both {'a', 'c', 'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'} >>> a & b # letters in both a and b {'a', 'c'} >>> a ^ b # letters in a or b but not both {'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}
和列表一样,汇合也反对推导式:
>>> a = {x for x in 'abracadabra' if x not in 'abc'} >>> a {'r', 'd'}
字典
字典也是用花括号来示意的,不同的是字典中的元素是以 key:value的模式出现的。
上面是字典的一些基本操作:
>>> tel = {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139} >>> tel['guido'] = 4127 >>> tel {'jack': 4098, 'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127} >>> tel['jack'] 4098 >>> del tel['sape'] >>> tel['irv'] = 4127 >>> tel {'jack': 4098, 'guido': 4127, 'irv': 4127} >>> list(tel) ['jack', 'guido', 'irv'] >>> sorted(tel) ['guido', 'irv', 'jack'] >>> 'guido' in tel True >>> 'jack' not in tel False
除了花括号,还能够应用dict函数来构建字典:
>>> dict([('sape', 4139), ('guido', 4127), ('jack', 4098)]) {'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
如果关键字是简略的字符的话,能够间接这样写:
>>> dict(sape=4139, guido=4127, jack=4098) {'sape': 4139, 'guido': 4127, 'jack': 4098}
同样的推导式也能够应用:
>>> {x: x**2 for x in (2, 4, 6)} {2: 4, 4: 16, 6: 36}
循环
咱们个别应用for语句来遍历汇合或者字典,list等。
当咱们遍历字典的时候,能够应用items()办法来同时获取到key和value:
>>> knights = {'gallahad': 'the pure', 'robin': 'the brave'} >>> for k, v in knights.items(): ... print(k, v) ... gallahad the pure robin the brave
如果是列表,那么能够应用enumerate 函数来获取到index和value:
>>> for i, v in enumerate(['tic', 'tac', 'toe']): ... print(i, v) ... 0 tic 1 tac 2 toe
之前咱们还应用了zip函数,zip函数能够将多个序列中的元素一一匹配:
>>> questions = ['name', 'quest', 'favorite color'] >>> answers = ['lancelot', 'the holy grail', 'blue'] >>> for q, a in zip(questions, answers): ... print('What is your {0}? It is {1}.'.format(q, a)) ... What is your name? It is lancelot. What is your quest? It is the holy grail. What is your favorite color? It is blue.
本文已收录于 http://www.flydean.com/06-python-data-structure/
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