判断一个 list 是否为空
传统的方式:
if len(mylist): # Do something with my listelse: # The list is empty
由于一个空 list 本身等同于 False,所以可以直接:
if mylist: # Do something with my listelse: # The list is empty
遍历 list 的同时获取索引
传统的方式:
i = 0for element in mylist: # Do something with i and element i += 1
这样更简洁些:
for i, element in enumerate(mylist): # Do something with i and element pass
list 排序
在包含某元素的列表中依据某个属性排序是一个很常见的操作。例如这里我们先创建一个包含 person 的 list:
class Person(object): def __init__(self, age): self.age = agepersons = [Person(age) for age in (14, 78, 42)]
传统的方式是:
def get_sort_key(element): return element.agefor element in sorted(persons, key=get_sort_key): print "Age:", element.age
更加简洁、可读性更好的方法是使用 Python 标准库中的 operator 模块:
from operator import attrgetterfor element in sorted(persons, key=attrgetter('age')): print "Age:", element.age
attrgetter 方法优先返回读取的属性值作为参数传递给 sorted 方法。operator 模块还包括 itemgetter 和 methodcaller 方法,作用如其字面含义。
list解析
python有一个非常有意思的功能,就是list解析,就是这样的:
>>> squares = [x**2 for x in range(1,10)]>>> squares[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
看到这个结果,看官还不惊叹吗?这就是python,追求简洁优雅的python!
其官方文档中有这样一段描述,道出了list解析的真谛:
List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists. Common applications are to make new lists where each element is the result of some operations applied to eac本文来源gao.dai.ma.com搞@代*码#网h member of another sequence or iterable, or to create a subsequence of those elements that satisfy a certain condition.
还记得前面一讲中的那个问题吗?
找出100以内的能够被3整除的正整数。
我们用的方法是:
aliquot = []for n in range(1,100): if n%3 == 0: aliquot.append(n)print aliquot
好了。现在用list解析重写,会是这样的:
>>> aliquot = [n for n in range(1,100) if n%3==0]>>> aliquot[3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, 99]
震撼了。绝对牛X!
其实,不仅仅对数字组成的list,所有的都可以如此操作。请在平复了激动的心之后,默默地看下面的代码,感悟一下list解析的魅力。
>>> mybag = [' glass',' apple','green leaf '] #有的前面有空格,有的后面有空格>>> [one.strip() for one in mybag] #去掉元素前后的空格['glass', 'apple', 'green leaf']
enumerate
这是一个有意思的内置函数,本来我们可以通过for i in range(len(list))的方式得到一个list的每个元素编号,然后在用list[i]的方式得到该元素。如果要同时得到元素编号和元素怎么办?就是这样了:
>>> for i in range(len(week)):... print week[i]+' is '+str(i) #注意,i是int类型,如果和前面的用+连接,必须是str类型... monday is 0sunday is 1friday is 2
python中提供了一个内置函数enumerate,能够实现类似的功能
>>> for (i,day) in enumerate(week):... print day+' is '+str(i)... monday is 0sunday is 1friday is 2
算是一个有意思的内置函数了,主要是提供一个简单快捷的方法。
官方文档是这么说的:
Return an enumerate object. sequence must be a sequence, an iterator, or some other object which supports iteration. The next() method of the iterator returned by enumerate() returns a tuple containing a count (from start which defaults to 0) and the values obtained from iterating over sequence:
顺便抄录几个例子,供看官欣赏,最好实验一下。
>>> seasons = ['Spring', 'Summer', 'Fall', 'Winter']>>> list(enumerate(seasons))[(0, 'Spring'), (1, 'Summer'), (2, 'Fall'), (3, 'Winter')]>>> list(enumerate(seasons, start=1))[(1, 'Spring'), (2, 'Summer'), (3, 'Fall'), (4, 'Winter')]